Ancient Indian Trails
The Trail originated in ancient, native American Indian trade routes. Two of these routes ran north-south along the eastern and western margins of the upper Rio Grande Valley, between the adobe pueblos of present-day New Mexico and Colorado's San Luis Valley. Perhaps the oldest, in use for nearly 1,000 years, later became the West Fork of the North Branch.
Between 1598 and 1830, Spanish (1598-1821) and later Mexican (1821-1830), and American (1821-1830) traders connected these native trade routes to complete the Old Spanish Trail.
Use During the Mexican War
During the Mexican War, 1846-1848, the Americans' Army of the West conquered New Mexico, then blazed a new, southern variant of the route to California, hastening the end of the Old Spanish Trail. Several famous journeys were made along the Trail, from west-to-east, including one by Kit Carson and Lieutenant George D. Brewerton in 1848.
After the Mexican War, wagon roads on competing routes largely ended use of the Trail.
Government Mapping Expeditions
In the 1850s and 1860s, portions of the Trail's eastern end were mapped by U.S. government expeditions, while the western portion of the trail witnessed Mormons heading to California. U.S. government expeditions included Capt. John W. Gunnison in 1853, and Lieutenant E.F. Beale in 1853.
By then commercial traffic had died out, leaving wagon ruts visible where once only mules trod.
Today's Efforts To Preserve The Trail's Heritage
Modern historical scholarship on the Old Spanish Trail began in the 1920s, and resulted in LeRoy and Ann Hafen's Old Spanish Trail (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1954; reprinted 1993). Trail scholarship resumed in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s.
In May, 1994, Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell, D-Colorado, introduced legislation in the U.S. Senate directing the National Park Service to study the Trail for possible inclusion in the National Historic Trails system. In June, 1994, Rep. Scott McInnis, R-Colorado, introduced similar legislation in the House of Representatives.
You can email or visit the website of the national Old Spanish Trail Association.